Introduction: The cerebellum has been regarded as a valuable research topic over the years because of its numerous roles in motor and nonmotor functions. The aim of the current study was to provide a comprehensive and holistic evaluation of publications concerning the cerebellum over the last 40 years which can be a potential guide for future research related to the cerebellum. Material and Methods: The Web of Science database was used to identify the publications relating to the cerebellum between 1980 and 2019. The identified publications were analyzed using the bibliometric approaches. The number of the publications concerning the cerebellum to be published between 2020 and 2028 was predicted using the linear regression analysis. Results: The literature review revealed a total of 33,186 publications. The top three active countries were found to be the USA (7362), Japan (2987), and the UK (1994). A positive and significant correlation was found between the number of cerebellum articles produced by the countries and the development indexes of the countries (r = 0.743, P < 0.001; r = 0.676, P < 0.001, r = 0.656, P < 0.001). The top three productive journals were found to be the Journal of Neuroscience, Brain Research, and Cerebellum. The total number of cerebellum publications is expected to continue in an increasing trend and reach a total of 891 publications at the end of 2028. Discussion and Conclusion: Recent studies on the cerebellum have mostly focused on the cerebellar degeneration, functional connections of the cerebellum, and its relationship with various diseases such as ataxia, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, autism, and aneurysms.

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Introduction: Anatomy education faces continuous debate about the best teaching methods to maximize learning as sufficient knowledge of anatomy is crucial for safe and efficient clinical practice. This study was conducted to explore students' perceptions about learning anatomy by focusing around six major topics: (i) the importance of anatomy in medical school, (ii) factors influencing students' performance in anatomy, (iii) anatomy teaching methods, (iv) continuous assessment in anatomy, (v) the clarity of learning outcomes, and (vi) students' suggestions to improve anatomy learning. Material and Methods: A total 183 medical students from year 1 to year 5 currently studying in Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences participated in the survey. This study involved collecting data through the Anatomy Education Questionnaire via online survey link. Results: There is a general awareness among all students regarding the importance and relevance of anatomy, i.e., to be a safe and competent doctor (80.7%) and to be able to perform invasive procedures and surgeries on patients (79.1%). Majority of students feel that inadequate assessments (59%), integrated curriculum (53%), and inappropriate teaching methods (31%) are the major factors that influence students' performance in anatomy. Teaching anatomy via cadaveric dissection (72.2%) is the most preferred study tool whereas traditional lectures (29.9%) are the least preferred methods among the students. Majority of students (97.3%) agree that having more continuous assessments helps them identify their weaknesses in anatomy. Discussion and Conclusions: This study suggests the necessity for some educational refinements to improve anatomy learning by fostering deeper approaches via clinical integration of the subject and utilization of anatomy videos.

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Introduction: Fossa navicularis magna (FNM) was defined as a notch-like defect on the inferior side of the clivus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between FNM with age and gender with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Turkish orthodontic subpopulation. Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 195 patients (109 females and 86 males) having CBCT scans. The patients had no known syndromes, history of neurological diseases, or surgical intervention in the region of the interest. On FNM-detected patients, comparison of gender and age was performed. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square statistical analysis were made using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0 (SPSS 20) program. P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: FNM was identified in 32 (17.4%) patients. Among these patients, 23 were female (21.1% of all female patients) and 9 were male (10.4% of all male patients), and the age ranged between 7 and 29 (mean age: 14 ± 3.3) years. There was no statistically significant relationship between the presence of FNM and gender. Discussion and Conclusion: FNM is an important anatomic variation of the skull base, and it should be monitored carefully by oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The presence of fossa navicularis should also be investigated in other communities throughout CBCT, and a wider database should be established.

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Introduction: Exosome (exo) is a small extracellular vesicles containing cell-derived factors, and serve to mediate the paracrine effect of cells. Despite the therapeutic potential of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs)-derived exo-related treatment modalities, the molecular parameters needed to define the “paracrine effect” remain largely unknown. Material and Methods: Using high-density oligonucleotide RNA sequencing, the differential gene expression profiles between a fraction of exo (derived from hADSCs) and its mesenchymal stem cells subpopulation were obtained. Results: Of particular interest was a subset of 66 genes preferentially expressed at fivefold or higher in the group treated with exo derived from hADSCs. This subset contained numerous genes involved in the angiogenesis, inflammatory response, immune response, cell cycle, cell death, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, DNA repair, RNA splicing, and secretion functions. In addition, six protein networks were constructed. The interaction network consisted of 57 proteins encoded by upregulated genes. However, the interaction network also consisted of 69 proteins encoded by downregulated genes. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results provide a basis for more reproducible and reliable quality control using genotypic analysis for the definition of hADSCs-exo. Therefore, these results will serve to provide a basis for studies of the molecular mechanisms which control the core properties of hADSCs-exo. Understanding the processes driving hADSCs-exo recruitment could prove invaluable in the development of novel, targeted therapies to selectively inhibit pathological responses in OA.

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Introduction: Bones often survive the process of decay and therefore provide the major evidence of human age and sex after death. The identification of human skeletal remains is a critical problem and is very important in medico-legal and anthropological works. The determination of sex of an individual is important and necessary both in the living and dead for medico-legal purposes. The aim of this study is to measure and analyze the various parameters of the mandible and to assess the reliability of the above parameters in terms of percentage accuracy in sex determination. Material and Methods: A total of 106 whole-adult human mandibles of unknown sex, between the age group of 18–60 years, were collected and studied at the Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Guntur Medical College, Guntur from 2014 to 2015. The following parameters studied were symphyseal height, mandibular body length, bicondylar diameter, bigonial diameter, inter incisor width, and mandibular angle. Results: Of the six parameters studied, highly significant (statistically) difference in sex was observed in bigonial diameter (82.15% accuracy) and mandibular angle (81.5% accuracy). Discussion and Conclusion: The inference of the study is that no single parameter gives 100% accuracy in the determination of the sex of the individual. Hence, a judicious consideration of the highly significant parameters of the mandible may be taken into account in the determination of the sex of the individual.

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Introduction: Physical anthropometry has been helpful in clinical diagnosis, forensic medicine, orthodontics, plastic, and reconstructive surgery. The Jaunsari tribe is a unique tribal community of Uttarakhand. There is lack of anthropometric study on them. Hence, it was planned to study facial anthropometric parameters specially that of the nose, in adult Jaunsari tribe of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand. With objectives (1) To study the nasal anthropometric parameters of adult males and females. (2) To analyze the sex differences, if any. (3) and its statistical significance. Material and Methods: The study was carried on 100 adult males and 100 adult females of >18 years of age, belonging to Jaunsari tribe, after due approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee and informed consent. The methodology adopted for the anthropometric measurements was of Singh and Bhasin, and concerned measurements were taken and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Results: Nasal index, parameters related to it and total facial height are statistically significantly different among males and females. Sagittal Naso-facial Index and Elevation of Nose Index are 44.93 ± 3.79, 44.22 ± 3.18 and 69.23 ± 17.13, 65.70 ± 8.73 in females and males, respectively, which mean relatively elevated and shorter nose. Discussion and Conclusion: The most common nose type in females is leptorhinae (60%), whereas in males both leptorhinae and mesorrhine type of nose are equally (47%) prevalent. Predominant nasal breadth in male (69%) and in female (68%) is above medium type, whereas predominant nasal height in male (42%) and in female (50%) is above medium type and below medium type, respectively.

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Introduction: Liver cirrhosis is essentially an end stage liver fibrosis that develops as a continuation of normal wound healing in response to chronic liver injury. While 1/4th of cirrhotic livers are morphologically normal in size and configuration, on computerized tomography, over 1/3rd are diffusely atrophic and almost 50% manifest focal hypertrophy most commonly in the caudate lobe concomitant with segmental atrophy of the right lobe. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the morphometric measurements of the right lobe and determine the C/RL in human cadaveric liver and compare the values of C/RL ratio to previously documented studies in an attempt to provide baseline data. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 human cadaveric livers at Anatomy Department, Medical College Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. Morphometric measurements were observed in mm with threads and digital Vernier Caliper. Results: The transverse diameter of the right lobe averaged 78.22 ± 12.17 mm, with values ranging at 55.06–98.30 mm. The longitudinal diameter of the right lobe averaged 126.31 ± 20.24 with values ranging at 90.54–172.18 mm. Harbin's Index was calculated as the ratio of the CT to right lobe, i.e., (CT/RT), and averaged 0.38 ± 0.12 with values ranging at 0.17–0.61. Discussion and Conclusion: While nodular regeneration within liver parenchyma may be difficult to recognize on ultrasonography and any irregularity of the liver surface may be apparent only with macro nodules or ascitic effusion, caudate lobe hypertrophy is a consistent finding with liver cirrhosis or other chronic liver disease.

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Introduction: For years together, gross anatomy is taught by the traditional teacher-oriented teaching method, i.e., students have to attend the lecture classes followed by the dissection on cadavers. In general, most of the students find it difficult to understand and retain gross anatomy. Active learning (AL) has received considerable attention over the past several years and is often contrasted to the traditional lecture where students passively receive information from the instructor. Class time is also brief and precious, and the information we want to communicate to our students is also important. AL Methodology (ALM) by jigsaw technique encourages active student participation, maximizes their own and each other's learning, and improves their communication skills which can be applied beyond anatomy to their careers as future physicians. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of implementation of AL method as a learning tool on the learning and performance of 1^st-year medical students. Material and Methods: The project was carried out in the Department of Anatomy comprising 150 first professional MBBS students. Sensitization session with students and faculty was done. Two topics already taught by traditional didactic lecture were chosen for the jigsaw technique. Effectiveness of learning experience was evaluated by the students and faculty through a prevalidated feedback questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale to record their experiences, perception, and attitude toward the ALM (jigsaw). Results: The findings of student's feedback on five-point Likert scale revealed that the students were in favor that ALM was helpful in improving the learning skills and major topics should be taught by this AL methodology. Discussion and Conclusion: The study results show that ALM jigsaw technique is an effective teaching method. ALM by jigsaw technique motivated and encouraged active student participation and discussions. Students and faculty both favored the use of ALM.

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By looking at anatomy's past and present, anatomists can acquire an overview of where the profession has been and where it now needs to go to meet the needs of 21st century medical education. This paper reviews past and present pedagogy and offers an alternative approach to the future of anatomy education through the use of digital dissection and more integrative didactic experiences.

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A 26-year-old man attended the outpatient department of Otorhinolaryngology with complaint of nose block. He was presented with nonspecific clinical presentations except nasal block. Mass was present at the nasopharynx and completely excised and sent for biopsy which confirmed the diagnosis of cartilaginous choriostoma. The histopathological report revealed cartilaginous tissue with surrounding of seromucous salivary glands under cover of respiratory epithelium. The choristoma is a tumor like lesion consisting of normal cells present in the abnormal site. It is most often seen in oral cavity structures such as tongue, gingival, buccal mucosa and soft palate. Cartilage choristoma is rarely found at the nasopharynx. It is developmental in origin. Definite diagnosis is done by histopathological findings. The treatment is usually done by the surgical excision.

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Introduction: The sphenoid air sinuses and their ostia are highly variable structures. The ostia are located on either side of the midline. The exact location of the sphenoid ostium is very much essential in endoscopic sinus surgeries as well as for the transsphenoidal hypophyseal approach. The present study was done to determine the anatomical location of the sphenoid sinus ostium in relation to the surrounding landmarks. It is a descriptive study. Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, VMKV Medical College and Hospital, Salem, on forty sagittal head and neck sections of adult formalin-fixed cadavers. The length and width of the sinus were measured. The shape and type of the sphenoid sinus ostia were also noted. The distance of the sinus ostium from various landmarks was measured using Vernier calipers. The morphometric parameters were compared by Student's t-test on both sides. Results: Most of the specimens showed sellar variety than presellar variety on both right and left sides. The shape of the sphenoid sinus ostia was predominantly round shape, followed by oval and slit shape. The length and width of the sinus on the right side were less when compared to the left side. The distance between the sphenoidal ostia and several landmarks showed no significant difference except the distance from ostium to superior concha. Discussion and Conclusion: During the endoscopic approach of the sphenoid sinus ostium, it is not always easy to locate the ostium. The present morphometric study will serve as a guideline for the endoscopic surgical approach of the sphenoid sinus ostium using the various anatomical landmarks.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate vidian canal (VC) and foramen rotundum (FR) and their anatomical relationships with adjacent structures using computed tomography (CT) in a Turkish subpopulation. Material and Methods: CT images of 150 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Various morphometric measurements (distance from FRs to midline, distance from FR to VC, position and angle of FR, and types of FR and VC) were performed from both left and right sides on CT scans. Results: One hundred and fifty patients with a mean age of 41.06 ± 17.812 years were included in this study. The mean distance from midline to right FR was 17.89 ± 1.94 and 18 ± 1.83 in females and males, respectively. The mean distance from midline to left FR was 18.33 ± 1.94 and 19 ± 2.18 in females and males, respectively. Twenty-three cases had Type 1 VC and 40 and 112 cases had Type 2 and 3 VCs, respectively. Three patients had Type I FR, 25 and 57 patients had Type IIa and IIb, respectively, and 93 patients had Type III FR. The position of FRs regarding the base of lateral pterygoid plate was online in 77 patients, medially placed in 92 patients, and laterally placed in 12 patients. Discussion and Conclusion: It is important to know sphenoid sinus and neighboring anatomical structures for planning of endoscopic skull base surgery because it is located close to some important anatomical structures such as internal carotid arteries, optic nerve, and cranial nerves. Surgeons should be careful in preoperative treatment planning and also during the operation.

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Introduction: Accessory mental foramen (AMF) is defined as any additional opening on the anterior surface of the mandible body that is connected to the mandibular canal. The presence of AMF is an important anatomical parameter when planning the therapy to avoid neurovascular bundle injury and other complications. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides an accurate, three-dimensional determining of the position, its dimensions and the relation of AMF to the mental foramen (MF), as well as the distinction from nutritive openings. Material and Methods: The research was carried out at the Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, as a retrospective study where 148 CBCT images were analyzed. The analysis of the position of AMF, the relation to and the distance from the MF were made on cross-sectional and axial images. Only those openings that have had a clear connection with the mandibular canal were counted as AMF. Results: AMF was present in 12 (8.11%) patients. In most cases, AMF was positioned superior to MF, in 27% of patients. There was no significant statistical difference between sex and the jaw side. The average distance of AMF from MF was 4.52 ± 2.21 mm. In most cases, AMF is round shaped (60%). The average value of the surface area is 1.62 ± 1.14 mm². Discussion and Conclusion: Timely detection of AMF using CBCT contributes to the diagnosis and planning of appropriate dentures, surgical technique, preventing possible damage to adjacent anatomical structures, or some other therapy.

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Introduction: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism was found associated with cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with or without CP in different populations and only very few studies were conducted in the Indian population. The aim of this case–control study is to detect whether there is any association of C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism with clefts in the craniofacial region, especially with Nonsyndromic cleft lip with cleft palate (NSCLP) in the South Indian population. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 179 nonsyndromic cleft cases and 130 healthy individuals without cleft were included as controls. To detect the polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method was carried out, and the result was analyzed using Chi-square test and binary logistic regression model. Results: Among the cleft cases, 120 were NSCLP and it showed 6.67% CT genotype and 18.33% TT genotype, while in controls, it was 18.46% and 1.54%, respectively. The TT genotype increased the risk of NSCLP (odds ratio [OR] =0.079, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02–0.34, P = 0.0007) and CT genotype decreased the risk (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.11–6.06, P = 0.028). However, CT + TT model had no association with NSCLP when compared to CC genotype. No significant difference was found between other 59 clefts and polymorphism. Discussion and Conclusion: The association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with NSCLP varies from population to population. Our study found an association between the polymorphism and NSCLP. The TT genotype increased the risk of NSCLP and CT genotype reduced the risk.

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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate morphometric features of the trigeminal nerve in healthy people on magnetic resonance images. The alterations in the size of the trigeminal nerve in the cisternal region along with aging and asymmetry between the right and left trigeminal nerves were also assessed. The knowledge of normal morphometric properties of the trigeminal nerve may be useful in evaluating patients having trigeminal neuralgia. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 120 (62 males, 58 female) healthy individuals over 20 years old who had no previous or current cranial pathology. According to age ranges, individuals were evaluated in four groups as 20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years, and 50 years and older. Besides the long- and short-axis lengths of the trigeminal nerve, long- and short-axis lengths of Meckel cave, as well as the trigeminal-pons angle, were measured using three-dimensional balance fast-field echo sequence with 3T magnetic resonance imaging on the right and left sides.Results: It was observed that the lengths of trigeminal nerve were shorter on the right side in comparison to the left side (mean long axis 0,79 ± 0,20 cm on the right, 0,86 ± 0,28 cm on the left, P <0,05; and mean short-axis: 0,36 ± 0,10 cm on the right and 0,41 ± 0,17 cm on the left, P <0,05). Moreover, in males, the long-axis length of the Meckel cave was higher on both the right and left sides compared to females (P < 0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: This study shows that, both the width and length of the right trigeminal nerve are shorter compared to left in healthily population. In addition, long axis of Meckel Cave, that is posterolateral to anteromedial extend, was longer on both the right and left sides in males compared to females.Results: It was observed that the long axis (mean: 0.79 ± 0.20 cm on the right, 0.86 ± 0.28 cm on the left, P < 0.05) and short axis (mean: 0.36 ± 0.10 cm on the right and 0.41 ± 0.17 cm, P < 0.05). Moreover, in males, the long-axis length of the Meckel cave was higher on both the right and left sides compared to females (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that, both the width and length of the right trigeminal nerve are shorter compared to left in healthily population. In addition, long axis of Meckel Cave, that is posterolateral to anteromedial extend, was longer on both the right and left sides in males compared to females.

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Introduction: The aims of this study were to evaluate the distance and relationship between the root apex of maxillary posterior teeth and the maxillary sinus floor (MSF) and whether they varied with age. Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images covering maxillary sinus taken in our department from December 2015 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Material and Methods: Totally 221 CBCT images of maxillary posterior teeth were analyzed. The distance and relationship between the root apex and the MSF was measured and categorized into four types. The data were correlated with age. ANOVA, Fisher's exact test, Cochran–Armitage trend test, Pearson's Chi-square test were used. Results: For the second premolar, the distance from the apex to the MSF was the furthest compared to first and second molars. The majority of apices were located below the MSF. For the first molar, the palatal root owned the shortest distance (2.79 mm) (P < 0.05) and highest frequency (11.8%) in Type IV (root protruded into the MSF) in all teeth. For second molar, the mesiobuccal root had the minimum distance (2.08 mm) (P < 0.05) in all teeth and the second highest frequency (11.0%) in Type IV. In young people (20–40 years), the shorter distance and higher frequency in Type IV differed significantly compared to other age groups (P < 0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: The data verified the close relationship between the root apex of maxillary posterior teeth and the MSF. Age was a key factor to correlate the relation. Special care should be taken when dealing with maxillary posterior teeth, especially for young people.

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Introduction: Determination of sex from bony elements is the fundamental step to human virtue. Scholars agree highly accurate sex identification can be done from adult skulls. Direct assessment of the bones is not always the most appropriate or practical. Medical advances have provided cross-sectional slices of scanned individuals in the form of computed tomography (CT). The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability of cranial measurements for sex differences in CT head scan records of adult live subjects to the highest possible percentage in South Indians and to develop discriminant function equations. Material and Methods: Seventy head CT records were taken and 16 parameters were measured using RadiAnt DICOM viewer software. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, and discriminant function analysis. Results: The classification accuracy obtained by multivariate analysis of all 16 variables was 97.1%, multivariate analysis of nine most significant variables was 91.4% and by stepwise was 92.9% and that by univariate analysis for bizygomatic breadth, orbital breadth, basion-bregma height, and inter-orbital breadth was 81.4%, 74.3%, 72.9%, and 70%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Multivariate analysis gave the highest classification accuracy and bizygomatic breadth, orbital breadth, basion-bregma height, and inter-orbital breadth were the most dimorphic variables in the study population and several other populations, and thereby should always be considered in the sex determination of humans. The study derived specific discriminant functions for sex determination in the South Indian population, providing a population-specific data for sex determination using craniometric parameters in the South Indian population and for future studies on skeletalized remains.

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Introduction: The palmaris longus (PL) muscle is described as one of the muscles with most anatomical variations and classified as a muscle in phylogenetic regression. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the tendon of the PL muscle can be estimated in relation to its length and width before using it as a graft in any surgical procedure. Material and Methods: The material for the present study consisted of 40 limbs (20 – right and 20 – left) of different age groups and sex (28 males and 12 females). The limbs were made available in the Anatomy Department for dissection purpose at Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab. The forearm length (FAL) and PL tendons length (TL) and width (TW) were measured. Degree of association between measurements was calculated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean TL and TW in male cadavers (15.918 ± 1.462 cm and 0.463 ± 0.100 cm) was more than in female cadavers (15.050 ± 1.046 cm and 0.355 ± 0.060 cm) and PL-TW was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean FAL in male cadavers (23.025 ± 2.050 cm) was more than in female cadavers (20.483 ± 1.109 cm) and was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001). A statistically significant correlation was observed between TL and FAL in males (P = 0.010) and in females (P = 0.021). However, TW presented a statistical significance in males only (P = 0.025). The mean TL of the left side (15.690 ± 1.336 cm) was slightly more than the right side (15.625 ± 1.489 cm), whereas the mean TW of the right side (0.435 ± 0.099 cm) was slightly more than the left side (0.426 ± 0.108 cm). The mean FAL on the right side (22.295 ± 2.272 cm) was slightly more than the left side (22.230 ± 2.091 cm). Discussion and Conclusion: The statistically significant correlation observed between the PL-TL and the FAL indicates that the PL-TL can be predicted for reconstructive surgeries preoperatively.

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Introduction: The function of the wrist extensor retinaculum is to prevent the extensor tendon bowstringing. Because the retinaculum is damaged by hand trauma and surgical exposure during the wrist surgery, the knowledge of anatomy of the retinaculum helps surgeons to restore the normal function of the extensor retinaculum. Material and Methods: The morphological variation of the retinaculum and average length and width of both septal attachment of the retinaculum were examined using 50 fresh donor cadavers. Results: Our finding found that the extensor retinaculum was white thickening fascia which arranged in transverse direction across over the wrist extensor group. The original retinaculum was defined as the part inserted from the radius to the pisiform and triquetrum. The mean length was ranging 10–35 mm and the mean width of proximal and distal end was 62–93 mm and 64–89 mm, respectively. There were supplemental retinaculums where was located on the proximal and distal to the original retinaculum. These retinaculums were thinner and more translucent. We found four patterns of attachment sites of the proximal retinaculum and five patterns for the distal extensor retinaculum. In addition, the average septal attachment size was varied from 1.24 to 27.81 mm in length and width was 0.33–20.50 mm for the real retinaculum. W also found the 84% present of the septal attachment beside the 6^th compartment in ulnar side. Discussion and Conclusion: The knowledge of anatomical characteristic of the extensor retinaculum includes morphology, dimensions, and septal attachment is benefit for surgery.

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Introduction: Cyperus rotundus, commonly known as mustha, is a perennial weed and possesses the ability to adopt to various soil types, temperatures, and moisture levels. It has several pharmacological and medicinal applications such as astringent, diuretic, antispasmodic, carminative, vermifuge, and antimicrobial properties. This study was designed to assess the toxicological and histopathological effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. rotundus rhizomes in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-induced Swiss albino mice. Material and Methods: Toxicity evaluation was carried out according to the OECD guidelines and histopathological assessment of the liver and kidney tissues was made using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Results indicated that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts did not induce any toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg body weight doses. Examination of ascitic fluid revealed that ethanol extract at 250 mg/kg dosage induced degenerative changes, whereas aqueous extract at both dosage levels showed mild signs of apoptosis. Gross pathology of the liver and kidney indicated that the extracts did not alter the normal cytoarchitecture of these tissues. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings from this study interpret that C. rotundus rhizome extracts can be used as a complementary therapeutic in the EAC.

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Introduction: Spine morphometry is of global interest because of its great importance in prosthetics, orthopedics, and biomechanics. The present study was carried out to provide a comprehensive morphometric data of typical thoracic vertebrae in Nigeria. Material and Methods: A total of 208 typical thoracic vertebrae which consist of 26 set of macerated adult male vertebrae, were studied by direct measurements of the vertebral body, vertebral foramen, pedicle, lamina, spinous and transverse processes, and superior and inferior articular processes. Digital Vernier Caliper was used to measure internal and external distances. Data collected were statistically analyzed and mean values were presented in a mean ± standard deviation. Results: Anterior vertebral body height (VBH) gradually increased to a maximum value at T9 (18.83 ± 1.54 mm) and minimum at T2 (16.93 ± 1.57 mm). Mean value of posterior VBH was minimum at T2 (17.59 ± 1.43 mm) and maximum at T9 (20.46 ± 3.08 mm). Width of spinous process tip had relatively stable values from T2 to T9 with the maximum at T2 (5.05 ± 1.36 mm). Lamina thickness mean values were relatively stable from T2 to T9 with a maximum value at T9 level (7.30 ± 1.24 mm) and the minimum at T2 (6.60 ± 1.16 mm). Discussion and Conclusion: Superior and inferior articular surfaces and Laminae were reported for the first time which contributes to the novelty of this study. These findings will serve as a guidepost in the understanding and design of well-fitted materials for the typical thoracic vertebrae, which will enhance preclinical and clinical evaluation of vertebral implants, prosthetics, and management of spine pathology.

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Introduction: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are a congenital variation found in patients incidentally. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of LSTV and to study its morphometric parameters radiologically in comparison with patients with no LSTV, in low back pain patients in Punjabi population. Material and Methods: The anteroposterior (AP) and lateral lumbosacral spinal radiographs of 100 patients with low back pain were studied. LSTV were identified and classified based on the Castellvi classification. The width of the transverse processes, superior and inferior vertebral end plate, mid-AP diameter and height of the L5 vertebra, and L5–S1 disc height were measured. All parameters were statistically analyzed and compared between normal and LSTV patients. Results: LSTV were found in 22% of low back pain patients, all comprising sacralization of L5, most common Castellvi type being IIA (31.9%). There were a statistically significant increase in the width of transverse processes of L5 vertebrae on both the right and left sides (P < 0.001 each) and a significant increase in height of L5 body (P = 0.03), with a decrease in L5–S1 disc height (P = 0.05) in low back pain patients with LSTV in comparison with patients without LSTV. Discussion and Conclusions: LSTV is a common congenital anatomical variation found in patients with low back pain. An increased height of L5 vertebra with a decreased L5–S1 disc height is found to be related to LSTV and can be useful for radiologically suspecting LSTV in patients with low back pain.

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Introduction: Anatomy, one of the basic sciences' subject of the 1^st year medical education curriculum, is recognized as an essential foundation for clinical sciences. However, there is a continuing debate on the best method of learning anatomy. In this study, we infer the perception of the 1^st year medical students on the best method of learning anatomy. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 246 1^st year undergraduate medical students, of the academic year 2015–2016. An online platform – Survey Monkey – was utilized to conduct the survey where multiple-answer multiple-choice questions were sent to the students, and the results were tabulated on a graph. Results: The optimal way of learning anatomy according to 80% of students was through small-group teaching in comparison to didactic lectures according to 12%. Integrated teaching introduced as talks by physicians (31%) and problem-based learning (28%) was not well appreciated. However, they felt an exposure to the clinical side where small groups are taken to the hospital to demonstrate relevant case/procedure/examination would have a more significant impact (78%). There was a favorable opinion (74%) on the formation of an Anatomy mentor cell where the students who had performed poorly during the first sessional test were under the guidance of anatomy staff, and regular assignments were given. Discussion and Conclusion: Anatomy exposes the student to an ocean of knowledge; it also inculcates a particular attitude and communication toward another human being. The students' perspective in learning Anatomy plays a crucial role in the changing times and demand reforms which would best aid the student-centric learning.

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